The Count became King Stephen on 26 December 1135 CE and he would reign, with a brief interruption, until his death in 1154 CE. Our latest podcast episode features popular TED speaker Mara Mintzer. Often, probably incorrectly, said to have been a son of Sybil Corbet. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Henry’s mother was Matilda of Flanders (c. 1032-1083 CE), who was the daughter of the Count of Flanders and the niece of Henry I of France (r. 1031-1060 CE). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Written by Mark Cartwright, published on 04 December 2019 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Henry_I_of_England&oldid=1008312, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Stephen (de facto), Empress Matilda (de jure), Robert received the Duchy of Normandy and became Duke Robert III, William Rufus received the Kingdom of England and became King William II, Henry Beauclerc received 5,000 pounds of silver, Euphamia (b. He had many mistresses, and identifying which mistress is the mother of which child is difficult. Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire, in the north east of England. As King, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including: Between 1103 and 1107, Henry was involved in a dispute with Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Paschal II in the investiture controversy, which was settled in the Concordat of London in 1107. On his succession, he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which formed a basis for subsequent challenges to rights of kings and anticipated the Magna Carta, which subjected the King to law. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Kings & Queens: The Most Comprehensive... Tudors: The History of England from Henry VIII to Elizabeth I, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.
Empress Matilda did at least have some good connections - she had, in 1114 CE, married Holy Roman Emperor Henry V (r. 1111-1125 CE), hence her title, but he had since died. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Cartwright, Mark.
After numerous letters and threats between king, pope, and archbishop, a compromise was concluded shortly before the Battle of Tinchebrai and was ratified in London in 1107. When Henry I died at Lyons-la-Forêt in eastern Normandy, his favourite nephew, Stephen of Blois, disregarding Matilda’s right of succession, seized the English throne. Henry defeated Robert once and for all in a pitched battle at Tinchebrai in Normandy in September 1106 CE. As a result of this war, the lands in Normandy were lost and the Norman line of kings came to an end. Henry’s right to Normandy was challenged by William Clito, son of the captive Robert Curthose, and Henry was obliged to repel two major assaults against eastern Normandy by William Clito’s supporters: Louis VI of France, Count Fulk of Anjou, and the restless Norman barons who detested Henry’s ubiquitous officials and high taxes. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',162,'0','0'])); William I's third son, Richard, had pre-deceased his father by being killed in a hunting accident in the New Forest so, upon his death in 1087, William bequeathed his dominions to his three surviving sons in the following manner: The Chronicler Orderic Vitalis reports that the old King had declared to Henry: "You in your own time will have all the dominions I have acquired and be greater than both your brothers in wealth and power.". She was the wife of Anskill of Seacourt, at Wytham in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). - 1 December 1135 C.E. Robert had a legitimate claim to the English throne because William II had nominated him as successor. https://www.ancient.eu/Henry_I_of_England/. On January 29, 1121, he married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey I of Leuven, Duke of Lower Lotharingia and Landgrave of Brabant, but there were no children from this marriage. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Prince Henry to seize the Royal Treasury at Winchester, Hampshire—where he buried his dead brother. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It is, nevertheless, curious that William’s younger brother and successor Henry was in the hunting party and Robert Curthose was just then away fighting in the First Crusade, allowing Henry to forward himself as the next king. Another point in Henry’s favour was his recall the same year of the exiled Archbishop of Canterbury Anselm, who had fallen out of favour with William II. Married Alice (Constable); died after 1187.
In another instance that took place in 1119, Henry's son-in-law, Eustace de Pacy, and Ralph Harnec, the constable of Ivry, exchanged their children as hostages. After Henry had defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray he imprisoned Curthose, initially in the Tower of London, subsequently at Devizes Castle and later at Cardiff. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time. Henry I was a skillful, intelligent monarch who achieved peace in England, relative stability in Normandy, and notable administrative advances on both sides of the Channel. After Henry had defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray he imprisoned Curthose, initially in the Tower of London, subsequently at Devizes Castle and later at Cardiff. Matilda would be crowned the Queen of England in Westminster Abbey on 11 May 1068 CE. On the morning of the September 28, 1106, exactly 40 years after William had landed in England, the decisive battle between his two sons, Robert Curthose and Henry Beauclerc, took place in the small village of Tinchebray. The site where most of the fighting took place is the village playing field today. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom.
Updates? Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of the Kingdom of Englandand reunited his father's dominions. Henry married twice. He established the biannual Exchequer to reform the treasury.
Robert had again challenged his father during the siege of Mantes in 1087 CE. Henry’s reign saw the creation of the Exchequer, essentially then a debt-collecting agency. His two legitimate sons, William (the eldest, b. c. 1103 CE) and Richard were both tragically drowned in the English Channel in 1120 CE when onboard the ill-fated White Ship. Ancient History Encyclopedia. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Similar controversy about who had the authority to appoint prelates and other church officials was waging between various popes and kings throughout this period. She was captured and confined to the castle, but escaped by leaping from a window into the moat below. He secured his position among the nobles by an act of political appeasement: He issued a Charter of Liberties which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta.
Norman churchmen who fled to England urged Henry to conquer and pacify the duchy and thus provided moral grounds for Henry’s ambition to reunify his father’s realm at his brother’s expense.
First recorded meeting of the Exchequer, an accounting body created to monitor the English king's finances and debtors. His mother, Queen Matilda, was descended from Alfred the Great (but not through the main West Saxon Royal line). 1102 CE) would become a rallying point for rebel barons until his death in 1128 CE. His mother may have been a member of the Gai/Gay/Gayt family.
Henry was accepted as King by the leading Barons and was crowned three days later on August 5, at Westminster Abbey. Sinking of the White Shipby British Library (Public Domain). And he recalled St. Anselm, the scholarly archbishop of Canterbury whom his brother, William II, had banished. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. When, on August 2, 1100, William II was killed by an arrow in yet another hunting accident in the New Forest, Duke Robert had not yet returned from the First Crusade.
Robert had fought with aplomb in the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) but now he was back in Europe and keen to press his claim for the English throne. In the generations before Henry’s accession, Norman dukes, magnates, and adventurers had conquered southern Italy, Sicily, Antioch, and England. The Church was still proving a little troublesome, though.
Emma, born c. 1138; married Gui de Laval, Lord Laval. "Affairs of State: the Illegitimate Children of Henry I. By 1120, however, the barons had submitted, Henry’s son had married into the Angevin house, and Louis VI—defeated in battle—had concluded a definitive peace. Henry's grieving was intense, and the succession was in crisis. Some sources suggest that there was another daughter by this relationship, Gundred, but it appears that she was thought as such because she was a sister of Reginald de Dunstanville but it appears that that was another person of that name who was not related to this family.
After Queen Matilda’s death in 1118, he married Adelaide of Louvain in 1121, but this union proved childless. This would have serious consequences for all of his successors as the balance of power, at least in terms of wealth, gradually shifted from the king to the aristocracy. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Henry I of England, York Minsterby Allan Harris (CC BY-SA). The Norman conquest of England, led by William the Conqueror (r... Matilda (aka Empress Matilda), daughter of. Rohese of England, born 1114; married Henry de la Pomeroy. Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of the Kingdom of England and reunited his father's dominions. Kings sold appointment, since many were also had a lucrative income. Robert was then imprisoned for the remaining 28 years of his life, and Henry became both king of England and Duke of Normandy. This sought to bar Prince Henry from both thrones by stipulating that if either King William or Duke Robert died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother. Matilda FitzRoy, abbess of Montvilliers, also known as Montpiller, Thompson, Kathleen. Henry was also known for some brutal acts.
Matilda’s subsequent invasion of England unleashed a bitter civil war that ended with King Stephen’s death and Henry II’s unopposed accession in 1154. Sybilla de Normandy, married Alexander I of Scotland. Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.